Gas Transportation Methods Of Natural Gas - 1282 Words

GAS TRANSPORTATION METHODS Natural gas is a clean and environmental friendly energy source which is estimated to constitute a major part of world energy consumption in the coming years. Usage of natural gas is increasing due to its relatively cheaper costs than diesel or gasoline. Transportation and Storage falls under the final stage of Oil and Gas processing where it gets transported to the end user for further use in industry, plant or any other facility. Transportation of natural gas remains as a challenge due to its isolated reserves throughout the world. Natural gas has more problems in transportation and storage when compared to other forms of energy such as petroleum, coal etc. The main reason is due to the energy density of natural gas which is low at ambient temperatures and pressures (Kidnay et al. 2011). So in order to transport the gas by pipeline, its energy density has to be increased using high pressures. Another problem of Natural gas due to its low energy density, lies in its storage. Natural gas is highly volatile and sophisticated storage facilities are to be provided to prevent any hazards. Therefore natural gas has to be transported continuously to the end user avoiding reasons for storage. When there is less demand for its usage, natural gas has to be converted to Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and then stored. Otherwise transportation of natural gas is carried out in different ways such as: 1. Pipelines 2. Compressed Natural gas (CNG) 3. LiquefiedShow MoreRelatedOil And Natural Gas Pipeline1388 Words   |  6 PagesPipeline transportation is a process which can be used to transport natural gas from discovery areas or refinery plant to its distribution station, its length is generally from hundreds to thousands of kilometers. It has already had 130 years history, its development is closely related to the improvement of oil and gas industry as one of the main way to ship oil and natural gas. Modern pipeline transport began in the mid-19th century, the first natural gas pipeline around the world has been builtRead MoreWhat Is Carbon Capture And Storage Technology?908 Words   |  4 Pages(Capture, transportation and storage). 1. Capture [18][20][11] It involves separating CO2 from other gases at large industrial process facilities or electricity generation plants. This can be done in three ways: pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture and oxy-fuel combustion. 2. Transporting [15][16][11] The captured emissions than compressed into a fluid and transported using different transportation methods including rail, trucks, ships and pipeline. The transportation of CO2Read MoreStrategic Analysis : Cimarex Energy Co851 Words   |  4 PagesStrategic Analysis: Cimarex Energy Co. Introduction and Thesis The oil and gas industry is one of, if not the, largest industries in the country currently. Companies related to this industry range from exploration to transportation to retail. There are many companies operating in the industry, but one in particular is especially interesting, and that is Cimarex Energy Co. This paper will analyze the industry and Cimarex Energy’s strategy and core competency, and give an evaluation of the findingsRead MoreHydrocarbon Dew Point Of The Natural Gas Industry Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesoperational parameter and but it is becoming a critical tariff parameter for the natural gas industry. Hydrocarbon Dew Point considered as quality parameter for natural gas. Dew point control is one of the most important operations at the beginning of the gas processing chain. Its main purpose is to ensure that liquids (either hydrocarbons or water) are not formed in the pipelines to allow a safe and reliable transportation of the gas to markets. The by-product liquids recovered could be used as fuel, orRead MoreUsing Alternative Forms Of Safe Power1261 Words   |  6 Pageshigh-volume horizontal hydraulic fracturing, is the process by which natural gas and oil is extracted from deep underground rock. A mixture of chemicals, water and sand is forced against the rock with such high pressure that it fractures the formations of rock, releasing trapped bubbles of natural gas and oil. In many places in the U.S. including California, are using alternative forms of safe power. In many places it is believed natural gas and oil is a good source of energy, but the process of frackingRead MoreHuman Induced Climate Change : Energy Use1349 Words   |  6 Pages Human-Induced Climate Change – Energy Use Joel Hyde, Kevin Styers, and Victoria â€Å"Scout† Vitus- Dega Throughout the history of Earth, the climate has changed to varying degrees by natural causes. When the world first began, the climate was unstable and devoid of the atmosphere that we know of today. It was not until bacteria were able to fix nitrogen did the Earth begin to develop its nitrogen and eventually nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere allowing modern hominids to advance. Earth was cooler afterRead MoreFracking : Review And Ethical Considerations898 Words   |  4 PagesReview and Ethical Considerations By Christopher Jabczynski Conservation of Mass and Energy are the hallmarks of our natural world, and as we progress as a civilization there is an ever increasing need to satisfy our growing demand for energy. This leads to the present need for more innovative solutions that are able to solve the world s energy needs within the confines of the natural laws we live with. The Earth s petrochemical reserves represent a finite amount of available, extractable, energyRead MoreThe Electric Car A Viable Sustainable Replacement For An Ice Car1569 Words   |  7 Pagesmuch cheaper than electricity, the internal combustion engine came to the forefront of the transportation sector.1 Now, as oil reserves around the globe have reached the lowest since 1973 and gas prices the world over are soaring,1 the world has turned back to the electric car.1 The electric car was endorsed by the United States Government in 2009 as â€Å"a promising alternative to petroleum in the transportation sector†, and 2.1 billion dollars has been allocated to subsidies for battery and componentRead MoreThe Sea Is A Major Hub Of Economic Activity1473 Words   |  6 Pagesautomobiles, shipping is still the major mode for transporting goods internationally, and many cities rely on their ports as a major source of revenue. The ocean is also valued for the natural resources that lie beneath the ocean floor. In the Gulf of Mexico there exists billions of dollars worth of oil and natural gas. The story of the shipping industry since the first steamships were built more than century ago has been one of ingenuity, professionalism and fabulous profits. Maritime transport encompassesRead MoreHow Is Carbon Captured?1288 Words   |  6 Pagesof storage. This could be depleted oil and gas reservoirs, deep unused saline water-saturated reservoir rocks or ocean storage. The CO2 could also be used elsewhere such as for enhanced oil recovery, water treatment, and within the food and beverage industry. How is Carbon Captured? There are three main ways of capturing CO2 from the fossil fuels: pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxy-fuel. In pre-combustion carbon capture, the coal, oil or natural gas is heated in pure oxygen which produces syngas

“Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been”. Victor Hugo

â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† Victor Hugo once said, â€Å"music expresses that which cannot be said and on which it is impossible to be silent.† Music can greatly influence a person, from the way they speak to the way they act. However, not all music can be considered a good influence and many adolescents waste away their youth by thinking, doing, and pursuing things that are more mature. Things such as seeking sexual attention, doing drugs, drinking, or hanging out in rough areas. These things are usually done because the child was hurt in some way, whether it be emotionally, mentally, or physically. In â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been†, Joyce Carol Oates creates a fictional character, Connie, who illustrates a†¦show more content†¦However, according to The Columbian Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, â€Å"rock n roll was for and about adolescents. Its lyrics articulated teenage problems: school, cars, summer vacation, pare nts, and, most important, young love† (para. 5). To put the situation into perspective, today’s hip hop is similar to sixties rock in that they are both about sex, drugs and the occasional social message. In a study coordinated by Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, about 70% of students listen to some sort of hip hop music. So, in the sixties, it was not uncommon for young people to listen to rock music and to not think much of it. In the story, Connie thinks to herself that music is â€Å"something to depend on† (WAYGWHYB 2) which is something one would say if they felt lonely or had been hurt in the past. By saying that she shows just how distant she has become from the people around her. Another thing that plays a big role in Connie’s character are her differing personalities. The Connie that is reserved for when she is at home is sarcastic, distant, and rebellious against her family. The Connie that is reserved for outside is enticing, allu ring and sexually appealing to the opposite sex. According to Palo Alto Medical Foundation, a study done by the RAND Corporation shows that â€Å"teens are twice as likely to have sex or engage in sexual acts if they see similar sexual behavior in the media† (para. 15). In the sixties, rock andShow MoreRelatedLes Miserables and Great Expectations846 Words   |  3 Pagesyour life or even others around you. Pip idolizes Estella and therefore it causes him to change himself to fit her needs. On the other side of things, Marius and Cosette possess a very pure love where acts of love eventually bring them together. They couldn’t be more different. Love is the driving force in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations novel. There’s many different themes within this book, although love is absolutely the most apparent. 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Sophomore year, I developed more colors; I had basic shapes laid out and a relative idea of what I wanted to make. Junior year is when I added the colors that made my high school experience what it was that far, I knew where I was going as a junior, I had a purpose. Senior year, I am finishingRead MoreArt As A Declaration Of Societal Culture844 Words   |  4 PagesWe can say that we live in societies of innovation and technology. Countries have formulated means for the showcase and encourage their artists to produce art. In the culture of technology, it has turned into a definitive instrument inside itself. An instrument utilized, though to accomplish political, financial, and social objectives. Society has diminished to a presence just to serve outside demands today. Art being a declaration of societal culture. Esteem inside society has an exchangeable relationshipRead MoreReligion1215 Words   |  5 PagesReligion in the World Today As Victor Hugo once said, â€Å"I am religiously opposed to religion† and I agree with him completely. Religion has been a part of our world for centuries but not everyone has to believe in the same thing or even have a religion of any kind, it is all a choice and a right that we are granted. When I was younger my parents decided that I could believe in anything I wanted to when I grew up and that they weren’t going to push a specific religion on me with explicit beliefsRead MoreThe French Genre of Reverie4445 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿Introduction It is irony rather than paradox that the French genre of rà ªverie should have been born of the rationalist 18th century, the sià ¨cle des lumià ¨res, which saw the emergence of scientific rationalism as the supreme authority in philosophy. Yet that was the period during which was also born what with hindsight we have decided to call pre-Romanticism, a movement connected with the cultivation of tenderness, the expression of feeling, and concern with the nonlogical, irrational forms ofRead MoreMy 70th Birthday Speech1265 Words   |  6 PagesSpeech â€Å"The seventieth birthday! It is the time of life when you arrive at a new and awful dignity; when you throw aside the decent reserves which have oppressed you for a generation and have stand unafraid and unabashed upon your seven-terraced summit and look down and teach-unrebuked. You can tell the world how you got there.† Mark Twain Good afternoon family and friends, I am privileged to be here today to celebrate with you my seventieth birthday. 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Optimal Resource Allocation Management - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Optimal Resource Allocation Management. Answer: Introduction Singapore is the no.1 logistics hub in Asia as per the logistic performance standard considered by World Bank (Henderson, 2016). The nation has the 25 global logistic players including the operational management. In case of global connectivity, most of the manufacturing companies are depending on their nation's logistics (Henderson, 2016). The aim of the study is to consolidate the transportation and developmental service of the manufacturer company "Asian Home Gourmet". There are certain processes that have discussed for the operational manner of Incoterms selection, selecting criteria of the logistics and the carrier relationship management of the company. For this reason, the various approaches have been made by the organization for the development of their business. Asian Home Gourmet brings the executive flavors in Singapore since 1982. It has introduced the new flavors in Singapore and with the products and tastes. The company has wide ranges of Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai and Singaporean dishes. Asian Home Gourmet has made the creativity in food that recreates the conventional food in an innovate manner (Asianhomegourmet.com, 2017). Asian Home Gourmet had a determined mission to permit consumers everywhere an opportune way to relish the assortment of Asian cooking. The organization aim is to provide best quality food to their customers. In the entire nation they are the only Singaporean food hub where quality Asian food has delivered and that is the USP of the organization. Asian Home Gourmet can be found in most of the supermarket due to their quality in Asian food and that also impacted over the worldwide business. The importance of the report analyzes Incoterms process of management where third party allowance is not existed. The manufacturer company directly conducted the product to customers. There are certain carrier options for the company from where they have to choose the right one for the organization. There are several carrier costing and carrier relationship management for the betterment of distribution channel and development of the market. Incoterms Selection Consideration For the International rules and regulations methods in case of selling or buying any product, Incoterms selection is important. It also practices in the Singapore and applied for the company as well. In case of definite, the price, policy, and quality of the product are determined by the process (Olhager, Pashaei Sternberg, 2015). So this process has set the characteristic of all the goods in an organization thus any areas of operation description, Incoterms is important. The discussion of different modes of Incoterms and their payment and product option has delivered by the process. In such case of the Ex-works sellers are arranging the quality product and buyers are quite happy to have those. So eventually the buyers are the only responsible person to deliver the transportation cost of those products (Thai Yeo, 2015). The sellers have to take the certain risk of those products as they have to depend on the customer for the better result. Service, responsibility and the free carrier on a boat of the best service providence for the sellers as they have to sell the product to the customer. Transportation cost for the further selling business responsibility is the key section for the development of a business [Refer to Appendix 1]. From where the products are ready for sale there is certain transportation cost has implemented over the product as well. These are like freight cost, insurance, insurance cost of the product and the cost of the loading and unloading program (Wensveen, 2016). This is the most important section like everyday goods loading need to be implemented so that sellers can have those products and buyers can buy those products from the sellers. These processes ultimately develop the business and support the logistics as well for the betterment of the business [Refer to Appendix 1]. Some of the goods are not quite dependable in case of accessing expiry date of the product or the products may be creating some worse effect to the buyer. There are some cases where goods ware contaminated form any section, so these risks are mitigated by the delivering issue of the product (Coelho, Renaud Laporte, 2015). In that assigned project there are several companies can be chosen for the business support of Asian Home Gourmet and analyze those companies with the concern effectiveness of their service production. In case of Asian Home Gourmet, Asian food lovers are the potential target market for them. Their market chain is stretched into the 8000 major supermarkets across the globe thus their traditional cooking manner is the key concern for the buyers. The company has used the land, air and water transport for the distribution of the goods (Lee Kam, 2014). The process of distribution has created the domestic and international market for the business. Legitimate transportation is the concern issue over the mater and that also found in the company as they have depended on the delivery of the product. The Incoterms activities consider logistics and delivery services. There are no such third party involvements as the process has chained from the manufacturer to seller from where buyers will buy. There are certain saturations when buyers are collecting or bring those products directly from the manufacturer (Xi Poh, 2015). Thus, the accountability and the cost of bringing will be abridged as well and the company will be in good turnover. In such cases, the transfer reporting and authorization process will be easier and the seller will be less accountable towards the complete operation procedure. Carrier Selection Criteria Carrier selecting is the most important section for the organization. There are different objectives that can be driven by the carrier selection option. There are some specific markets in the international arena where selecting a carrier is one of the most important needs for the manufacturing company (Adnan et al. 2017). There are certain criteria have generated for the best possible selection of carriers from the major logistics companies. Rank Criteria Accessibility 1 WINSPEC Group 90% 2 KMS Logistics 70% 3 NTT Data Singapore 69% 4 CEVA Logistic 59% Table 1: Grading of Carrier options (Source: Zhang et al. 2017) From the analyses table it is quite evident that WINSPEC is the best from that end as the company deliver the food at the right time and also cover the whole geographic area of Singapore. The carrier logistic is time saving as well as they have the reliability is picking up delivery. The capacity of load they had carried is the best from any logistic and their chances of lost of damage the product are also less and that might also embrace their service. The specific organizational structure is important for the progression of the carrier selection. In that case, the structure should enhance the reality of choosing the carrier. The authority of the company takes initiation for the development of choosing the carrier and inquires the possible responses from their stakeholders. Carrier should manage the active transitional phase of the organization to sustain the business in local, national or the regional section in the business that incorporates a good amount of customers to their company (Gan et al. 2014). This is basically a linking process that has been done from the company end to make sustain their business procedure. The reference to the balance sheet and contain of financial data maintenance also depend on the capital improvement of the business. Annual report and the long-term ratio management in the organization will follow the need for the better logistic association. There is certain carrier costing that has to set the organization. The organization has to set their carrier option as well as explain their mechanism or the objectives so those carrier companies will understand the value of those products and implement over that. Communication and Partnership: Communication with the carrier companies and organization is not a formal interaction that they had made; rather it has the formal acknowledgment of contract and the evergreen partnership that organization and carrier companies are following (Xi Poh, 2013). Short term contractual relationship is not the proper way to build up relation rather it is a kind of situation that provides appropriate scope for the company to maintain their good logistic as well. All these findings are pointed over the operating market and logistics management that has provided the better transportation and good reputation of the carrier partners. For the better maintaining relationship with the partners, a partnership with the organization is the main necessitate for the carrier companies (Varakantham, Low Zhang, 2017). There are the certain technological enhancement and distribution policy that can be applied for the betterment of the organizational structure. In case of Asian Home Gourmet, food supplies are the basic motive of the organization. As they have a different outlet and so transportation is the only way to reach those foods to the different outlets. Customers have to suffer if they do not get their favorite food at the same time business sustainable will intervene due to that process (Labb et al. 2013). In case of applying the logistic process, the organization has to choose their perspective by taking the application from carrier options and that create the extra allocation for the organization. Carrier Relationship management The basic objective of Asian Home Gourmet is to provide the better management in terms of addressing the goals and provides the best customer service for the improved nature of the organization. It is very much crucial to understand that carrier relationship management is the only aspect that this food company has followed for the better management of the professional business aspect (Zhang et al. 2017). There is certain relationship management that must be imposed for the development of the company and carrier relationship management is one of them. The service provided by Asian Home Gourmet express the proper responsiveness towards the customer want and that will also increase their market revenue as well. In order to make some innovative implementation in food as well as the large variety of recipes will make the creativity and the simplicity in food that resembles the quality output from the organization. The logistic service is the systematic welfare that provides the innovation and technological approach to the organization so that inventory management can take their charge to maintain the reputation of the company (Henderson, 2016). By providing the better innovative approach, the company has to analyze their accelerate motive and they have to use it for the further development. The service has provided by the Asian Home Gourmet is the quite reliable for the customers as best quality has provided by their end. The service is so satisfying that an Asian person have done to relinquish their taste and as the company provides a good quality of food to their customers (Kuang Bhat, 2017). For the improved cost of resources, the general view of the management has to look after the quality delivering to the customers. Applying this perspective the company has stretched their business in an ethical way and controls their cost for the better outsourcing of service and customers. In case of Asian Home Gourmet, development of carrier relationship management and management activities are the impotent aspects of the sustainable condition of the company. There are certain limitations and challenges that organization has to defend and that have created their immunity in terms of dealing with the adverse situation (Henderson, 2016). In order to set high objectives, the organization has to analyze and understand their limitation and approach for marking the particular logistic or company for the better accession of the process. Conclusion From the detailed analysis, it can be concluded that a detailed analysis of the transportation and Incoterms analysis has done in this report. The report also determines the aspect of Asian Home Gourmet and directing the goals and objectives of the company to carry out the better relationship with the logistics facility. The market share of the company is related to that as the business enhancement will provide the better business inputs also provide good revenue generation for the organization. The importance of logistics without the intervention of the third party and the better relationship maintenance is the key aspect that needs to maintain from the companys end. Asian Home Gourmet is one of the best Asian food manufacturers in Singapore thus their reach in service must be high in quality and the technological innovations need to implement for the development of the company. The company has certain shipping or carrier options so these options needed to be strong enough to compos e the process for the development of the organization. In this conclusive manner, it is significant to comprise innovative resources of carrying out the Incoterms movement that would assist the organization to augment its marketplace share and progress its association with the customers. References Adnan, M., Pereira, F. C., Azevedo, C. L., Basak, K., Koh, K., Loganathan, H., ... Ben-Akiva, M. (2017).Evaluating Disruption Management Strategies in Rail Transit using SimMobility Mid-term Simulator: A study of Singapore MRT North-East line(No. 17-06587). Asianhomegourmet.com (2017) Introducing the Freshest Asian Flavours Retrieved from: https://www.asianhomegourmet.com/home.php [Accessed on 10th November 2017] Coelho, L. C., Renaud, J., Laporte, G. (2015).Road-based goods transportation: a survey of real-world applications from 2000 to 2015(No. CIRRELT-2015-34). Facult des sciences de l'administration, Universit Laval. Gan, C. W., Toh, M. H., Lim, R. Y., Ma, B., Tan, P. S., Bhullar, A. S. (2014, December). Development of QuicKaizen technique for productivity execution management for Singapore SMEs. InIndustrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), 2014 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 448-452). IEEE. Henderson, J. C. (2016). Foodservice in Singapore: Retaining a place for hawkers?.Journal of Foodservice Business Research,19(3), 272-286. Henderson, J. C. (2016). Halal food, certification and halal tourism: Insights from Malaysia and Singapore.Tourism Management Perspectives,19, 160-164. Kuang, Y. T., Bhat, R. (2017). Sustainability Challenges in Food Tourism.Sustainability Challenges in the Agrofood Sector, 451. Labb, M., Laporte, G., Tanczos, K., Toint, P. (Eds.). (2013).Operations research and decision aid methodologies in traffic and transportation management(Vol. 166). Springer Science Business Media. Lee, R. K. W., Kam, T. S. (2014). Time-series data mining in transportation: A case study on singapore public train commuter travel patterns.International Journal of Engineering and Technology,6(5), 431. Olhager, J., Pashaei, S., Sternberg, H. (2015). Design of global production and distribution networks: A literature review and research agenda.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,45(1/2), 138-158. Thai, V. V., Yeo, G. T. (2015). Perceived competencies required for container shipping logisticians in Singapore and South Korea.The International Journal of Logistics Management,26(2), 334-355. Varakantham, P., An, B., Low, B., Zhang, J. (2017). Artificial Intelligence Research in Singapore: Assisting the Development of a Smart Nation.AI Magazine,38(3), 102-105. Wensveen, J. G. (2016).Air transportation: A management perspective. Routledge. Xi, X., Poh, K. L. (2013). Using system dynamics for sustainable water resources management in Singapore.Procedia Computer Science,16, 157-166. Xi, X., Poh, K. L. (2015). A novel integrated decision support tool for sustainable water resources management in Singapore: synergies between system dynamics and analytic hierarchy process.Water resources management,29(4), 1329-1350. Zhang, J., Zhang, M., Ren, F., Liu, J. (2017). A multiagent-based domain transportation approach for optimal resource allocation in emergency management. InMulti-agent and Complex Systems(pp. 19-32). Springer Singapore.

Untitled Essay Research Paper Analysis of Crito free essay sample

Untitled Essay, Research Paper Analysis of Crito The inquiry is raised within the duologue between Socrates and Crito refering civil noncompliance. Crito has the desire, the agencies, and many compelling grounds with which he tries to convert the condemned to assent in the program to avoid his at hand decease. Though Crito # 8217 ; s enticement is enforcing, it is in agreement with ground and fidelity that Socrates chooses to carry through his duty to the province, even to decease. Before turn toing Crito # 8217 ; s claims which exhort Socrates to go forth the province and avoid immanent decease, the condemned lays a solid foundation upon which he asserts his duty to stay by the Torahs. The foundation is composed of public sentiment, making incorrect, and fulfilment of one # 8217 ; s duties. Addressing public sentiment, Socrates boldly asserts that it is more of import to follow the advice of the wise and live good than to stay by the indiscriminate and freakish public sentiment and unrecorded ill. Even when it is the populace who may set one to decease, their favour need non be sought, for it is better to populate good than to subject to their sentiment and unrecorded ill. Following, unlawful making is dispatched of. They both consent to the thought that, under no fortunes, may one make a wrong, even in revenge, nor may one make an hurt ; making the latter is the same as incorrect making. The last foundation to be questioned is the fulfilment of one # 8217 ; s duties. Both of the philosophers affirm that, provided that the conditions one consents to are legitimate, one is compelled to carry through those compacts. These each are founded upon right logical thinking and make supply a justifiable foundation to discredit any design of dissent. At line 50, Socrates executes these foundations to destruct and do indefensible the request that he may truly dissent: Then see the logical effect. If we go forth this topographic point without first carrying the province to allow us travel, are we or are we non making an hurt, and making it in a one-fourth where it is least justifiable? Are we or are we non staying by our merely understandings? To knock or upbraid Socrates # 8217 ; determination to accept his penalty is indefensible in most of the statements. The lone point of dissension with Socrates # 8217 ; logic concerns his averment, # 8220 ; expressed # 8221 ; in his duologue with the Torahs, that the province is to be more well-thought-of than one # 8217 ; s parents. I contend that one would neer volitionally oblige himself to a totalitarian province in which the Torahs and the magistrates are to be regarded more extremely than one # 8217 ; s ain household. One would merely contract with a authorities whose power insures the public good and whose constitution seeks the to widen to its citizens useful demands.

Study of the Coalition Governments scrapping of the Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA) The WritePass Journal

Study of the Coalition Governments scrapping of the Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA) Abstract Study of the Coalition Governments scrapping of the Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA) AbstractIntroductionDiscussionConclusionsReferencesBibliographyRelated Abstract This paper addressed decision by Coalition government to scrap the Educational Maintenance Allowance (EMA) paid to students who stayed in post- compulsory education. It explored the history of EMA and the circumstances leading to its scrapping. The paper presented discussions emerging from those who are in support of EMA and those who aren’t and the context in which Coalition decided to scrap it. The discussions explored beliefs that decisions taken by Coalition do not take into consideration their impact on students across the country. The paper discussed an academic literature, viewing the conflicting and opposed nature of EMA in post-16 education and, therefore, may be understood better from students’, staff and parents’ perspectives. The decision by the researcher to tackle this current issue was because of concerns about the future of 25 students on Foundation Learning and Springboard who were all EMA recipients on full  £30 a week band. The researcher wanted to find out if the new funding mechanisms replacing EMA were the best to tackle problems of deprivation and disadvantage students faced and how not getting EMA would impact on their learning. Introduction The aim of the paper was to find out if EMA delivered policy requirements of widening participation, increased retention and attendance, encouragement of social mobility, inclusivity, access for all, Every Child Matters and equal opportunities to resources. These policy aspects were examined in detail as they are embedded in the whole realm of EMA. The influence of EMA on crime was discussed in relation to its ability to reduce crime. The paper attempted to seek justification as to why Coalition scrapped EMA and replaced it with different funding mechanisms, eradicating uninformed assumptions as to which funding practices are either appropriate or effective. The paper examined these aspects in relation to their influence on choice of destinations for students. Policies which impact on post-16 education and further education (FE) were discussed to enhance understanding of the initial introduction of EMA policy. Discussion In the United Kingdom, during the 1980s to1990s there was an influx in post-16 education. Many 16, 17 and 18 year olds remained in full time education. By 1994 numbers had doubled. In 1998 four fifths of post-16 children came from families where parents were managers or professionals, compared to less than half of those from poor working class backgrounds. Children from poor working class backgrounds made up ten percent of children not in education, employment or training (NEET). DfES (2004). This became policy issue for Labour in terms of post-16 education being largely enjoyed by children from wealthier backgrounds. This necessitated the formulation of education policies to narrow the gap between poor and rich children. The first policy was the Standardised National Curriculum, (Market Reform) for all learners from the age of 7 to 16. It’s purpose was to make pupils study certain curriculum subjects in detail in order to tackle problems of poor numeracy and literacy to raise standards, widen access and improve basic skills. Many children left school without qualifications, GCSE pass rate was low, more than 2/3 did not pass GCSE and many opted for vocational qualifications. Dearden   et al (2005). This policy was time consuming as teachers planned all the subjects. Parents were given the right to choose schools, impacting on housing and cost of moving for poor parents. League tables made some schools look bad. The quasi-market system made it hard for some schools to improve. It created social- class and educational inequalities. Poor students were left behind, attending poor schools, underachieving in disadvantaged societies. Funding was based on school enrolment. Schools were given autonomy on the type of student to enrol, encouraging social and educational exclusion. Following this policy in 1998, was the National Numeracy and Literacy Strategies (Curriculum Reform). Policy objective was to improve basic skills by using prescriptive methods to help teachers to know what to teach and how to teach it and allowing literacy and numeracy hours on the curriculum. Students were tested on their understanding of curriculum subjects by using national tests at 1, 2, 3, and 4 key stages. The limitations of this policy made it difficult to attract qualified teachers because of poor teachers’ packages, introduction of performance related pay and unfavourable conditions in relation to other professions. There was no autonomy for teachers. Everything was prescribed, removing creativity and initiative in teaching. In spite of efforts by Labour, post-16 participation remained low. Another policy was introduced, the Vocational Qualification Reform which introduced the NVQs and NGVQs for students who were not performing well academically and to raise participation in post-16 education. It was a way of encouraging work- related education and making vocational qualifications look attractive to employers. Dearden et al.(2002) This policy was unsuccessful. The qualifications were not valued by employers who thought only low performing students took vocational courses and therefore paid them low wages. Machin and Vignoles (2006). There was no unification of the system. There were too many different providers offering too many different qualifications with no economic value which Melia (1995) called â€Å"The Further Education Qualification jungle†. This did not encourage poor students to stay on in post-16 education. Following 1991 and 1992 Education White Papers was the Kennedy Report (1997), which recommended that extra funds be made available to Inner City Colleges for students from socio-economically deprived backgrounds and those from poor post code areas, to widen participation. Children who fitted this category were nicknamed the ‘Kennedy Children’. Public view suggested this was done at the expense of children from the ‘right’ postcodes. Researcher can argued that the ‘Kennedy children’, as a matter of policy,     had a right to benefit from extra funding to encourage them to stay on in education and achieve, from exclusion to inclusive education. Green and Lucas (2000). This led to the introduction of EMA policy.   EMA policy was designed to address financial constraints which formed a barrier to post-16 participation in FE particularly among learners from low socio-economic backgrounds. Policy objectives were designed to improve student reten tion and attendance rates in sixth form and post-16 education, to raise participation and attainment levels in further education. Labour launched the pilot project in September 1998-1999 in 56 out of 150 Local Authority Areas (LEAs). It targeted students in areas with low post-16 participation, low retention, low achievement rates, in areas where there was deprivation, where most of the population lived in rented accommodation and did not participate in the job market because of low qualifications and lack of skills. Heaver et al (2002). After the first pilot proved a success the second pilot was launched in 2002-2004. Machin and Vignoles (2004) in agreement with the Kennedy Report reviewed a policy reform which introduce EMA to help students from poor backgrounds whose parents earned less than  £30,000 a year if they remained in education beyond compulsory education. EMA policy was administered first through the Learning Skills Council (LSC) but was moved to Young People’s Learning Agency (YPLA). YPLA aims are raising aspirations, improving attainment targets to Level 2/3, reducing the NEET cohort and delivering Every Child Matters outcomes for young people. Eysenck (December 2010) affirmed â€Å"EMA makes it possible for students from poorer backgrounds to go onto sixth form or college rather than forcing them to leave school to take low paid, dead end jobs†. It was officially launched nationwide in 2006 after being regarded a success in encouraging young people to stay on in education and opening up chances for students from disadvantaged back grounds who were unlikely to stay on in education after the compulsory education period. Chancellor Gordon Brown announced â€Å"The four pilots of EMA had proved a success, helping 20,000 extra students a year to stay in education†. Slatter (July 2003:2). By putting this policy in place Labour recognised   Every Child Matters outcomes on inclusive education, raising aspirations, access and equality of opportunities for students with special or additional learning needs. Miles (2010). The Kennedy report pointed the need for these groups to be adequately educated to prevent social and economic exclusion.   The recent proposed scrapping of EMA contradicts the Kennedy Report EMA was means-tested. Students received varying amounts depending on their family yearly income. Some students received  £10,  £20, others received the full  £30 allowance a week. In addition, each student received various bonuses for attendance and achievement at the end of the course. Table1 shows how the students were paid according to individual household income.   In 2004 about 50% of 16-19 year olds qualified to be eligible for EMA. Table 1 Up to  £20,817  £30.00 a week  £20,818- £25,521  £20 a week.  £25,522- £30,810  £10 a week  £30,810+ Nothing Source: Dearden et al (2005) Social welfare benefits, child credits received by parents and earnings gained through part time jobs taken by young people were not considered. The money was paid into students’ accounts to help with the purchase of educational materials, bus fares and lunch but students could spend it as they wishe Coalition decided to scrap EMA. In support, Nash (2002) announced that EMA had not been successful in encouraging participation of poor children. New applicants were not accepted after January 2011. Grounds for scrapping EMA given by Coalition are, it has not been properly targeted when Labour introduced it, Labour covered every young person with the same blanket and made them eligible. They claimed that learners were abusing it by spending it on alcohol, luxury goods, cigarettes and not using it to buy educational materials. Coalition goes further to say EMAs were costing the taxpayer  £564 million a year and there was no evidence on attainment of qualifications by those staying on at school.   Not achieving qualifications and receiving EMA was like their parents signing on to get benefits.   Lee (January 2011). Some researchers say â€Å"they see no reason why these youngsters cannot take part time jobs like newspaper rounds like we did in our days†. Freedman (2008: 2) . Encouraging children to take part time jobs helps them to develop work ethics. According to Michael Gove, EMA did not achieve the initial objective of encouraging young disadvantaged people to stay on in education after the compulsory education period. This was Labour’s way of keeping unemployment figures down as they did not have other options for them. Pearson (February, 2011). Labour argued this by quoting the education spokesman who said â€Å"†¦96% of 16- year olds and 94% of seventeen- year olds   participate in education, employment or training because of the EMA†. Pearson goes further to say children do not need to be bribed to stay in education. What they need are initiatives, excellent teachers and help to remain focussed and find purpose in school. McGivney (December 2005:3) says â€Å"A curriculum that is based on varied interests and wishes of learners is far more effective in attracting learners and sustaining their motivation.† What is needed is to make learning meaningful and enjoyable to prevent dropouts. When Michael Gove was Shadow Schools Secretary for Conservatives he hinted that EMAs were an expensive undertaking causing huge deficits which the country cannot afford. Coalition was accused of being out of touch with the plight of disadvantaged and poor people in this country. The context in which Coalition is scrapping EMA is strengthened by a letter written to The Guardian by a seventeen year old student drawing attention to abuse of EMA by students who owned cars and laptops and receiving EMA while living with their divorced mothers. Jones (2010) Although Labour had planned to scrap EMA in 2013 when their proposed plan to raise school-leaving age to 18 came into place, they are now on the opposition trying to stop scrapping of EMA. Labour ministers lost the parliamentary vote to stop this decision by Coalition and Andy Burnham expressed concern that the decision will force children out of full time education, he predicated a raise in crime and said it will influence students’ decision making. Liard (2010). A survey conducted by Buie (2007) found no evidence of the impact of EMA except that it encouraged the benefit culture as most of recipients’ parents were on social benefits and their children might see it as the norm but Jaquette (2009) showed achievement rose by 10% with large numbers from disadvantaged communities. During this survey, students who were interviewed complained that some students just came to make up their hours and get paid and they were distracting lessons and stopping others from learning. In addressing the issue of students not in education, employment or training, (NEET) Buie (2007:3) said â€Å"they have become disengaged and disaffected well before the age of 16, and EMA has little impact on them†. This is why some researchers have suggested EMA should only be paid on achievement rather than waste it on young people who do not take interest in educational achievements. However, Coalition is proposing to cut out EMA and raise school leaving age and replace EMA with Pupil-premium Fund in schools and the Discretionary Learner Support Fund in Colleges (DLSF). The learner support fund will cost  £78 million per year in comparison to EMA. Finlay et al (2007b: 233 ) called it â€Å"Flowers in the desert†. This indicates funding is likely to run out before provision is finished and students are not automatically entitled. Answering to questions in parliament, Mr. Hughes, Coalition’s access advocate strengthened their position by announcing that government could not sustain the system to carry on as it is, there is no money. He went on to warn that at EMA’s full value of  £564 million a year to cover 6480,000 students, the scheme is unsustainable. J. Lee (January 2011). Rogers (December 2010:2) in support of the DLSF reiterates that â€Å"ensuring the most disadvantaged pupils get the support they need has to be our priority†. This fund is paid directly to FE colleges. Principals and Managers of these institutions will use their discretion to decide how this money will be used in line with the 1992 Education Act which urged Principals and Managers of FE colleges to provide students in their colleges with financial or other help of any nature as they consider fit. This gives autonomy to colleges and the money will be properly targeted. The public argument against scrapping of EMA is partly based on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Children and the ten year strategy for children and young people (UNCRC) for 2008-2011. The convention mentions the importance of developing a culture which considers matters that impact on children and young people and review them routinely. Bearing in mind the requirements of the convention, the 2009 Youth Conference agreed EMA will be made available to all post -16 students without considering parents’ earnings. In view of what is going on currently, Coalition would dispute the later part of this statement because it is not targeted specifically towards poor students. Labour opposed scrapping of EMA from the point of view that without funding, policy on inclusive education is rendered ineffective and support for learners with special educational and additional needs will drop, compromising their job prospects, adding numbers to the benefit bill and social mobility will be affected as students cannot move out of the grips of poverty. Mittler (2005) defines policy on inclusion as affording each person the help they need to achieve. Scrapping their EMA will open the poverty gap between the rich and poor, causing educational inequalities, as many will not be able to stay on in education. Colleges and other FE institutions delivered inclusive education because the EMA afforded students to attend but without it, it will be hard to bring students back from the NEET. EMA was the attraction, encouraging access and equality of opportunities. Laird (2010) EMA confirmed that in the past six years post-16 participation has improved by 30 percent and she links this back to the fact that EMA was introduced, and encouraged children to stay on.   Labour also goes on to say the cost of EMA will be outweighed by the higher wages the students will earn in the long run when they are qualified and benefits payments will be reduced. Organisations campaigning against scrapping of EMA, (Save EMA and Unison) considered taking legal action against the Coalition for failing to recognise an earlier statement which stated that learners who had started new programmes in 2010 will continue to receive the EMA until 2013. Coalition has now said all EMA funding will stop at the end of the 2010 academic year. Crime data published by the Home Office Offenders Index showed that during the pilot period EMA had a positive impact on reducing crime. Table 4 shows a reduction of crime in all areas where the young people received EMA. Violent crimes remained high. This may be due to the different types of crimes constituting â€Å"violent crime.† Table 4 showing crime reduction in pre- and post- EMA periods LEAs Pre- EMA Post-EMA Areas with EMA Violent  Ã‚   1,645Burglary   4, 219 Theft   7, 643 1,4682,230 4,817 Areas without EMA Violent   1,137Burglary 2,227 Theft 7,643 0, 9771,176 4,817 Source:     Hirschfield   (2004) The areas chosen were known to have high crime rates and the main perpetrators were young men. The differences in crime rate between EMA and Non-EMA areas could mean the likelihood of other crime reducing strategies working alongside EMA but the evidence is there that EMA helps to reduce   theft and burglary crimes by providing ready cash for young people and they do not have to get it by illegal means. From teachers’ perspective, EMA has helped to develop parents’ interest in the education of their children. They were involved at the initial application of EMA and phoned the institution if there was a problem with the student’s payments and the teachers used this opportunity to discuss other issues pertaining to the education of the particular student. One parent admitted â€Å"On occasions the threat of loosing his EMA got him out of bed† Jones R (2010:2).   FE teachers see the removal of EMA as a real challenge for them to get students motivated to attend. This confirms Labour’s argument that EMA has improved attendance and participation. Student A. who has made it to CambridgeUniversity said he would not have made it if it wasn’t for EMA. The Guardian (April 2010). In contrast, Coalition, in 2010 recorded students’ reactions to a question which asked them what effect scrapping of EMA would have on their education and choice of destinations. Students responded in the following manner: 45% said none. 42% said they would have stayed in education but would have needed to take a part time job. 7% said they would have gone into work-based learning. 6% said they would not have stayed on at all. The evidence is shown here that 90% young people would have stayed on with or without EMA. Bolton (2011) Poorer students have been cut off from the social arena and their window of opportunity has been closed. This is breaching ‘Every Child Matters’ policy   aspect on   Ã¢â‚¬Å"making positive contribution, enjoying and achieving economic wellbeing†. It is extremely difficult to meet these objectives under the current situation. The Child Act (2006) stated that providers incorporate â€Å"Every Child Matters† frame work and that it is Ofsted inspected but in any political climate according to Ball (1997:105),) â€Å"policies shift and change their meaning in the arenas of politics† and they are understood and used differently by different actors with different interests. Steer et al (2007 This researcher has seen how EMA helped young Asian women, who would otherwise be married off by their fathers the moment they finished compulsory education. EMA has helped them avoid becoming victims of their culture. Parents arranged forced marriages if girls were not engaged in education. Mirza (2009) described it as being persuaded into a marriage against ones will in the name of family honour. During class discussion on scrapping of EMA the girls told the researcher this decision by Coalition had hit them hardest. They said staying on in education was the only way of delaying forced marriages. The diverse nature and cultural backgrounds of students need to be considered when making decisions so that certain groups of the population do not feel excluded and victimised by the system. This is in accordance with the UN Convention 2010-2011. Another EMA recipient, student B who is studying sciences to qualify to study medicine said â€Å"I will have to take a part time job as my parents cannot afford transport and lunch money for me but I know that I shall have less study time and it will have an impact on my results†. Recipient C said she lived on her own and uses some of her EMA to pay bills and transport and if she does not get it she will have to stop studying for her Level 2 English and Mathematics. Student C said he was from a working class background and although he only received  £10 a week it went a long way to help him complete his studies. This shows how students have been affected by scrapping of EMA in their individual situations and how it might alter their destinations. Coalition has effectively altered provision and opportunities available to students. Bolton (January 2010) Coalition is considering a 14-19 funding system and extending the pupil-premium fund to FE colleges. The extra money could be used to hire more staff or improve facilities which will benefit more people than paying EMA to a few individuals. Government will pay more money to colleges who enrol more students from poor backgrounds. A research by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation found that post-16 study is a follow up of good GCSE’s.  Ã‚   It is, therefore, meaningful to stop EMA and spend money on improving pupils’ grades at this level. The impact of scrapping EMA in the researcher’s organisation influenced behaviour management and pedagogy. On starting a course students sign an EMA contract which binds them to rules on attendance, time keeping, acceptable behaviour and achievement. The researcher used this contract as a tool to encourage positive behaviour and students’ EMA payment would be stopped if parts of the contract were breached. When the announcement to scrap EMA was made, the researcher felt disarmed and discouraged. EMA was used to motivate and discipline students. Students who enrolled after January 2010 often missed sessions complaining they had no bus money and borrowed money to buy lunch from staff members. Some students left before completing their courses to get jobs. Enrolment numbers dropped.   Several students openly said â€Å"I only came to collect my money. If I don’t get paid I don’t come†. These students disrupted lessons and abusing the EMA. Decreasing student numbers caused financial deficits which resulted in staff redundancies.   The manager controlled purchasing of stationary. Her decisions   adversely affected teaching due to lack of resources. Students who completed Level 2 English and Maths did not apply to colleges due to uncertainty about EMA. This impacted on the organisation’s finances as they could not make claims on progression. On the other hand, there were some good outcomes. Some students said they will have to stop smoking, drinking, cut down on mobile phone calls and nights out because they could not afford them anymore. In the researchers’ professional practice, scrapping of EMA brought the realisation that the job was more pastoral care than teaching, there was need for a sympathetic approach and more understanding when addressing students’ problems. The researcher learnt new behaviour management techniques which promoted conformity and encouraged achievement.   Using EMA to control behaviours was punitive and unethical. The method did not foster good student –teacher relationships. Methods of planning and presenting lessons changed to captivate interest and enthusiasm to cater for students who were at risk of dropping out. The generic lesson plans produced by the company were not student-centred. The researcher became more pro-active and innovative in sourcing out learning aids as there was no money to purchase them from shops. Regionally, institutions of FE offered staff voluntary redundancies as they fore saw reduced numbers of students enrolling on courses after the scrapping of EMA. There seemed to be more young people on the streets during week days which could be indicative of children going back to NEET. There were radical changes in contracts at the local college to embrace the changes. Learners complained they have not been listened to. Many students took poorly paid part-time jobs to fund transport to college and pay for educational materials. One office which referred students from NEET to institutions of FE closed their High Street office and moved into a small place and some staff made redundant. A local Youth Centre run by the NHS has reported a rise in numbers of young people frequenting the place to play games and watch television during week days. Conclusions At the beginning of this paper seven key issues were identified and have been used to analyse the impact of the scrapping of EMA on post16 students and their choice of destinations. EMA influenced students’ decisions to stay in education after the age of 16 and fulfilled it’s policy objectives on widening participation of students from poor backgrounds, inclusion and social mobility.   The NEET cohort was reduced because students were rewarded financially for turning up, making their study look like work. EMA had a positive effect on students’ decision making and choices of destinations, encouraging equal access to opportunities. In terms of crime reduction, EMA played an important role alongside other crime reduction mechanisms. EMA encouraged parental support and dialogue with staff. Children perform better when they feel supported by family. Every child in this country deserves to benefit from a healthy economic environment which embraces those born into poverty according to Children’s Act 2004 and Youth Matters. Every citizen aspires to benefit from a society with strong educational achievements, skilled people and reduced crime rates. Our government shoulders the responsibility to ensure every child achieves their full potential by putting in place economic policies which do not create stumbling blocks for young people but point them towards the right direction and provide the necessary help for them to complete their learner journeys.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No of words: 4,359 References Ball, J S., (1997)   Education Reform. Open University Press. Buckingham Bolton, P., (January 2011), Education Maintenance Allowance Statistics. House of Commons Library. Date accessed: 08.02.11  Ã‚   Date last updated: 13 January 2011 Buie, E., (3 August 2007), Impact of allowance in doubt. Times Educational Supplement. Connect.  Ã‚   Available at: tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=2416714   Date accessed: 25/01/2011 DfSE (200), The Learning and Skills Council: Strategies Priorities.London DfEE Dearden, L., MacIntosh, S., Myck, M., and Vignoles, A., (2002), The Returns to Academic and Vocational Qualifications in Britain. Bulletin of Economic Research, 54, 249-274 Dearden, L.,Emmerson, C., Frayne, C., and Meghir, C., (2005), Education Subsidies and School Drop-Out Rates, forthcoming   Centre for Economics of Education Discussion Paper. Eysenck, J.,(December 2010),   Poor young people will loose out as EMA is scrapped, councillors warn. 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Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?hid=13sid=744f015e-b11e-418f-bbf0-545f6e†¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Access date:   27/01/2011 Miles, S., and Nidhi,S., ( February 2010), The Education for all and Inclusive Education Debate: Conflict, Contradiction or Opportunity. International Journal of Inclusive Education.Vol.14, Issue1, p1-15,15p Mittler, P., (2005), Working towards Inclusive Education.Routeledge, New York Mirza, S.H., (2009), Race Gender and Educational Desire. Routeledge. London Nash, I., (6/28/2002), Grants fail to draw in excluded. Times Educational Supplement. Issue 4487, p33,1/3p     Available at:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?hid=106sid=d9ebea77-95c6-46c5-9c3e-bb67 Access date: 25/01/2011 Pearson, A., (21 January 2011), If teenagers need cash they should get a Saturday job. 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Times Educational Supplement. Connect. FE Focus. Available at:   tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=6025776 Access date: 25/01/2011 Trowler, P.,   (2003),   Education Policy 2nd ed   Routeledge. New york.

Parenting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Parenting - Essay Example Nancy talks about different gadgets that help parents make sure that they are protecting their children from danger but since our children know about technology a lot more than parents, thus these gadgets are of no big use. Our children will always know how to escape the security fences that we will build around them. After this, Nancy states that our kids will start cheating us if we will act as if we do not trust them. Nancy ends her article ironically praising how her daughter tells everything to Facebook which she would never have told her mother. In my opinion, parents must restrict themselves from being extra careful about their kids if they really want them to survive in this harsh world. The hard conditions and circumstances life offers later in life take its toll on those persons who have been brought up extra pampered. This is called the â€Å"pampered child syndrome†. For example, when a child gets his parents’ attention all the time, he will grow up into a confused and dependent sort of personality when he will not find his parents’ love to the same extent due to other siblings or unfortunate circumstances. Technology has provided a lot of security tools and gadgets to the parents which Nancy has also talked about in her article. Yet, in my opinion although children might know how to escape those, yet they are quite helpful tools in making sure that the children are safe. This is not about extra-pampering; instead, this is about taking care of your kid sensibly. Children might know how to escape all restrictions but parents must play their part. I agree that children are bigger gurus than their parents in the field of technology, and this is what has made them put trust in social networking sites more than their parents. I remember myself calling my friends late at night because my mother did not like my using the phone. This is all a part of growing up. Our parents might have done the same sort of things in their

Facts about the Death Penalty Literature review

Facts about the Death Penalty - Literature review Example There are those who believe that the process is biased and must be curtailed until these issues can be examined, however, I would argue that despite any bias in the application of the death penalty, most of the criminals currently sitting on death row are guilty of the crimes they committed and should see their sentence through to its fruition. Those seeking to abolish the death penalty in this country point believe that the problem of racial bias exists within its administration. The most famous statistical study conducted regarding racial bias in death penalty assessment was the 1970s Baldus study. A professor at the University of Iowa Law School, David Baldus "tried to assess the influence of race and other illegitimate factors on the selection of murder suspects for death sentences" (Howe 2085). The results of the study indicated that if a murder victim was white, the rate to which the offender was sentenced to death was much higher than if the victim was black (2085). In a more recent study, commissioned in 2000 by the former governor of Maryland, capital sentencing in that state between 1978 and 1999 was examined. The study found "pronounced bias against killers of white victims, and within the white-victim cases, additional bias against black offenders" (2090).